SherbyNet - /page/wikibook/entry.mu

Micron Document

<!DOCTYPE html>

<title>Pascal (unit)</title>

</head>

Pascal (unit)

</h1>

</header>

/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}

/* end https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Pascals" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="Pascal_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Pascal (disambiguation)">Pascal (disambiguation)</a>.</div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Hectopascal" redirects here. For the song, see <a href="Hectopascal_(song)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hectopascal (song)">Hectopascal (song)</a>.</div>

/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}

/* end https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

</style><table class="infobox ib-unit"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above">pascal</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><div class="infobox-caption">A <a href="Pressure_gauge" class="mw-redirect" title="Pressure gauge">pressure gauge</a> reading in <a href="Pounds_per_square_inch" class="mw-redirect" title="Pounds per square inch">psi</a> (red scale) and kPa (black scale)</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">General information</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="System_of_units_of_measurement" title="System of units of measurement">Unit system</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="SI" class="mw-redirect" title="SI">SI</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Unit of</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="Pressure" title="Pressure">pressure</a> or <a href="Stress_(physics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Stress (physics)">stress</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Symbol</th><td class="infobox-data">Pa</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Named after</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="Blaise_Pascal" title="Blaise Pascal">Blaise Pascal</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Conversions

</th></tr><tr class="nowrap"><td>1 Pa in ...</td><td>... is equal to ...</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><th colspan="2">

</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">   <a href="SI_base_unit" title="SI base unit">SI base units</a>:</th><td class="infobox-data">   <a href="Kilogram" title="Kilogram">kg</a>⋅<a href="Metre" title="Metre">m</a>−1⋅<a href="Second" title="Second">s</a>−2</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">   <a href="US_customary_units" class="mw-redirect" title="US customary units">US customary units</a>:</th><td class="infobox-data">   1.45038×10−4 <a href="Pound_per_square_inch" title="Pound per square inch">psi</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">   <a href="Atmosphere_(unit)" class="mw-redirect" title="Atmosphere (unit)">atmosphere</a>:</th><td class="infobox-data">   9.86923×10−6 atm</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">   <a href="Bar_(unit)" title="Bar (unit)">bar</a>:</th><td class="infobox-data">   10−5 bar</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">   <a href="Barye" title="Barye">barye</a> (CGS unit)</th><td class="infobox-data">   10 Ba</td></tr></tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236303919">

/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds img{background:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds img{background:white}}

/* end https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

</style>

The pascal (symbol: Pa) is the unit of <a href="Pressure" title="Pressure">pressure</a> in the <a href="International_System_of_Units" title="International System of Units">International System of Units (SI)</a>. It is also used to quantify <a href="Internal_pressure" title="Internal pressure">internal pressure</a>, <a href="Stress_(physics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Stress (physics)">stress</a>, <a href="Young's_modulus" title="Young's modulus">Young's modulus</a>, and <a href="Ultimate_tensile_strength" title="Ultimate tensile strength">ultimate tensile strength</a>. The unit, named after <a href="Blaise_Pascal" title="Blaise Pascal">Blaise Pascal</a>, is an <a href="SI_coherent_derived_unit" class="mw-redirect" title="SI coherent derived unit">SI coherent derived unit</a> defined as one <a href="Newton_(unit)" title="Newton (unit)">newton</a> per <a href="Square_metre" title="Square metre">square metre</a> (N/m2).<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a> It is also equivalent to 10 <a href="Barye" title="Barye">barye</a> (10 Ba) in the <a href="Centimetre%E2%80%93gram%E2%80%93second_system_of_units" title="Centimetre–gram–second system of units">CGS</a> system. Common multiple units of the pascal are the hectopascal (1 hPa = 100 Pa), which is equal to one <a href="Bar_(unit)#Usage" title="Bar (unit)">millibar</a>, and the kilopascal (1 kPa = 1000 Pa), which is equal to one centibar.

The unit of measurement called <a href="Standard_atmosphere_(unit)" title="Standard atmosphere (unit)">standard atmosphere (atm)</a> is defined as 101325 Pa.<a href="#cite_note-BIPM-2">[2]</a>

<a href="Meteorology" title="Meteorology">Meteorological</a> observations typically report <a href="Atmospheric_pressure" title="Atmospheric pressure">atmospheric pressure</a> in hectopascals per the recommendation of the <a href="World_Meteorological_Organization" title="World Meteorological Organization">World Meteorological Organization</a>, thus a standard atmosphere (atm) or typical sea-level air pressure is about 1013 hPa. Reports in the United States typically use <a href="Inches_of_mercury" class="mw-redirect" title="Inches of mercury">inches of mercury</a><a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a> or millibars (hectopascals).<a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a> In Canada, these reports are given in kilopascals.<a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2></div>

The unit is named after <a href="Blaise_Pascal" title="Blaise Pascal">Blaise Pascal</a>, noted for his contributions to hydrodynamics and hydrostatics, and experiments with a <a href="Barometer" title="Barometer">barometer</a>. The name pascal was adopted for the SI unit newton per square metre (N/m2) by the 14th <a href="General_Conference_on_Weights_and_Measures" title="General Conference on Weights and Measures">General Conference on Weights and Measures</a> in 1971.<a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-CGPM14-8">[8]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Definition">Definition</h2></div>

The pascal can be expressed using <a href="SI_derived_unit" title="SI derived unit">SI derived units</a>, or alternatively solely <a href="SI_base_unit" title="SI base unit">SI base units</a>, as:

</mrow>

<msup>

</mrow>

</msup>

</mrow>

</mrow>

<msup>

</mrow>

</msup>

</mrow>

<msup>

</mrow>

</msup>

</mrow>

</mstyle>

</mrow>

<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\rm {1~Pa=1~N/m^{2}=1~kg/(m{\cdot }s^{2})=1~J/m^{3}}}}</annotation>

</semantics>

</math><img src="./deb9ff07cf667a7055291fbf04ff6c98c411382e.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:40.171ex; height:3.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\rm {1~Pa=1~N/m^{2}=1~kg/(m{\cdot }s^{2})=1~J/m^{3}}}}" loading="lazy"></dd></dl>

where N is the <a href="Newton_(unit)" title="Newton (unit)">newton</a>, m is the <a href="Metre" title="Metre">metre</a>, kg is the <a href="Kilogram" title="Kilogram">kilogram</a>, s is the <a href="Second" title="Second">second</a>, and J is the <a href="Joule" title="Joule">joule</a>.<a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a>

One pascal is the pressure exerted by a force of one newton perpendicularly upon an area of one square metre.

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Standard_units">Standard units</h2></div>

The unit of measurement called an <a href="Standard_atmosphere_(unit)" title="Standard atmosphere (unit)">atmosphere or a standard atmosphere</a> (atm) is 101325 Pa (101.325 kPa).<a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a> This value is often used as a reference pressure and specified as such in some national and international standards, such as the <a href="International_Organization_for_Standardization" title="International Organization for Standardization">International Organization for Standardization</a>'s ISO 2787 (pneumatic tools and compressors), <a href="ISO_2533" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO 2533">ISO 2533</a> (aerospace) and ISO 5024 (petroleum). In contrast, <a href="International_Union_of_Pure_and_Applied_Chemistry" title="International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry">International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry</a> (IUPAC) recommends the use of 100 kPa as a standard pressure when reporting the properties of substances.<a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a>

<a href="Unicode" title="Unicode">Unicode</a> has dedicated code-points <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886049734">

/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

.mw-parser-output .monospaced{font-family:monospace,monospace}

/* end https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

</style>U+33A9 ㎩ SQUARE PA and U+33AA ㎪ SQUARE KPA in the <a href="CJK_Compatibility" title="CJK Compatibility">CJK Compatibility</a> block, but these exist only for backward-compatibility with some older ideographic character-sets and are therefore <a href="Deprecate" class="mw-redirect" title="Deprecate">deprecated</a>.<a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a>

The pascal (Pa) or kilopascal (kPa) as a unit of pressure measurement is widely used throughout the world and has largely replaced the <a href="Pounds_per_square_inch" class="mw-redirect" title="Pounds per square inch">pounds per square inch</a> (psi) unit, except in some countries that still use the <a href="Imperial_measurement_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Imperial measurement system">imperial measurement system</a> or the <a href="US_customary_system" class="mw-redirect" title="US customary system">US customary system</a>, including the United States.

<a href="Geophysics" title="Geophysics">Geophysicists</a> use the gigapascal (GPa) in measuring or calculating <a href="Tectonophysics" title="Tectonophysics">tectonic stresses</a> and pressures within the <a href="Earth" title="Earth">Earth</a>.

Medical <a href="Elastography" title="Elastography">elastography</a> measures tissue stiffness non-invasively with <a href="Medical_ultrasonography" class="mw-redirect" title="Medical ultrasonography">ultrasound</a> or <a href="Magnetic_resonance_imaging" title="Magnetic resonance imaging">magnetic resonance imaging</a>, and often displays the <a href="Young's_modulus" title="Young's modulus">Young's modulus</a> or <a href="Shear_modulus" title="Shear modulus">shear modulus</a> of tissue in kilopascals.

In <a href="Materials_science" title="Materials science">materials science</a> and <a href="Engineering" title="Engineering">engineering</a>, the pascal measures the <a href="Young's_modulus" title="Young's modulus">stiffness</a>, <a href="Tensile_strength" class="mw-redirect" title="Tensile strength">tensile strength</a> and <a href="Compressive_strength" title="Compressive strength">compressive strength</a> of materials. In engineering the megapascal (MPa) is the preferred unit for these uses, because the pascal represents a very small quantity.

<caption>Approximate Young's modulus for common substances<a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a>

</caption>

<th>Material</th>

<th>Young's modulus (GPa)

</th></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="Nylon_6" title="Nylon 6">Nylon 6</a></td>

<td align="right">2–4

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="Hemp" title="Hemp">Hemp</a> fibre</td>

<td align="right">35

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="Aluminium" title="Aluminium">Aluminium</a></td>

<td align="right">69

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="Tooth_enamel" title="Tooth enamel">Tooth enamel</a></td>

<td align="right">83

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="Copper" title="Copper">Copper</a></td>

<td align="right">117

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>Structural <a href="Steel" title="Steel">steel</a></td>

<td align="right">200

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="Diamond" title="Diamond">Diamond</a></td>

<td align="right">1220

</td></tr></tbody></table>

The pascal is also equivalent to the SI unit of <a href="Energy_density" title="Energy density">energy density</a>, the joule per cubic metre. This applies not only to the thermodynamics of pressurised gases, but also to the energy density of <a href="Electric_potential_energy" title="Electric potential energy">electric</a>, <a href="Magnetic_field#Energy_stored_in_magnetic_fields" title="Magnetic field">magnetic</a>, and <a href="Gravitational_energy" title="Gravitational energy">gravitational</a> fields.

The pascal is used to measure <a href="Sound_pressure" title="Sound pressure">sound pressure</a>. <a href="Loudness" title="Loudness">Loudness</a> is the subjective experience of sound pressure and is measured as a <a href="Sound_pressure#Sound_pressure_level" title="Sound pressure">sound pressure level</a> (SPL) on a logarithmic scale of the sound pressure relative to some reference pressure. For sound in air, a pressure of 20 μPa is considered to be at the <a href="Threshold_of_hearing" class="mw-redirect" title="Threshold of hearing">threshold of hearing</a> for humans and is a common reference pressure, so that its SPL is zero.

<a href="Blower_door" title="Blower door">The airtightness of buildings</a> is measured at 50 Pa.<a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a>

In medicine, <a href="Blood_pressure" title="Blood pressure">blood pressure</a> is measured in <a href="Millimetre_of_mercury" title="Millimetre of mercury">millimeters of mercury</a> (mmHg, very close to one <a href="Torr" title="Torr">Torr</a>). The normal adult blood pressure is less than 120 mmHg systolic BP (SBP) and less than 80 mmHg diastolic BP (DBP).<a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a> Convert mmHg to SI units as follows: 1 mmHg = 0.13332 kPa. Hence the normal blood pressure in SI units is less than 16.0 kPa SBP and less than 10.7 kPa DBP. These values are similar to the pressure of water column of average human height; so pressure has to be measured on arm roughly at the level of the heart.

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hectopascal_and_millibar_units">Hectopascal and millibar units</h3></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="Bar_(unit)" title="Bar (unit)">Bar (unit)</a></div>

The units of <a href="Atmospheric_pressure" title="Atmospheric pressure">atmospheric pressure</a> commonly used in <a href="Meteorology" title="Meteorology">meteorology</a> were formerly the <a href="Bar_(unit)" title="Bar (unit)">bar</a> (100000 Pa), which is close to the average air pressure on Earth, and the millibar. Since the introduction of <a href="International_System_of_Units" title="International System of Units">SI units</a>, meteorologists generally measure atmospheric pressure in hectopascals (hPa), equal to 100 pascals or 1 millibar.<a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a><a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a><a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a> Exceptions include Canada, which uses kilopascals (kPa). In many other fields of science, prefixes that are a power of 1000 are preferred, which theoretically excludes hectopascal from use.<a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a><a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a>

Many countries still use millibars to measure atmospheric pressure. In practically all other fields, the kilopascal is used instead.<a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Multiples_and_submultiples">Multiples and submultiples</h2></div>

Decimal multiples and submultiples are formed using standard <a href="Metric_prefixes" class="mw-redirect" title="Metric prefixes">metric prefixes</a>.

</caption>

<th colspan="3">Multiples

</th>

<th colspan="3">Submultiples

</th></tr>

<tr>

<th>Value

</th>

<th>Name

</th>

<th>Symbol

</th>

<th>Value

</th>

<th>Name

</th>

<th>Symbol

</th></tr>

<tr>

<td>101 Pa

</td>

<td>decapascal

</td>

<td>daPa

</td>

<td>10−1 Pa

</td>

<td>decipascal

</td>

<td>dPa

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>102 Pa

</td>

<td>hectopascal

</td>

<td>hPa

</td>

<td>10−2 Pa

</td>

<td>centipascal

</td>

<td>cPa

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>103 Pa

</td>

<td>kilopascal

</td>

<td>kPa

</td>

<td>10−3 Pa

</td>

<td>millipascal

</td>

<td>mPa

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>105 Pa

</td>

<td>bar (non-SI unit)

</td>

<td>bar

</td>

<td>

</td>

<td>

</td>

<td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>106 Pa

</td>

<td>megapascal

</td>

<td>MPa

</td>

<td>10−6 Pa

</td>

<td>micropascal

</td>

<td>μPa

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>109 Pa

</td>

<td>gigapascal

</td>

<td>GPa

</td>

<td>10−9 Pa

</td>

<td>nanopascal

</td>

<td>nPa

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>1012 Pa

</td>

<td>terapascal

</td>

<td>TPa

</td>

<td>10−12 Pa

</td>

<td>picopascal

</td>

<td>pPa

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>1015 Pa

</td>

<td>petapascal

</td>

<td>PPa

</td>

<td>10−15 Pa

</td>

<td>femtopascal

</td>

<td>fPa

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>1018 Pa

</td>

<td>exapascal

</td>

<td>EPa

</td>

<td>10−18 Pa

</td>

<td>attopascal

</td>

<td>aPa

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>1021 Pa

</td>

<td>zettapascal

</td>

<td>ZPa

</td>

<td>10−21 Pa

</td>

<td>zeptopascal

</td>

<td>zPa

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>1024 Pa

</td>

<td>yottapascal

</td>

<td>YPa

</td>

<td>10−24 Pa

</td>

<td>yoctopascal

</td>

<td>yPa

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>1027 Pa

</td>

<td>ronnapascal

</td>

<td>RPa

</td>

<td>10−27Pa

</td>

<td>rontopascal

</td>

<td>rPa

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>1030 Pa

</td>

<td>quettapascal

</td>

<td>QPa

</td>

<td>10−30 Pa

</td>

<td>quectopascal

</td>

<td>qPa

</td></tr></tbody></table>

<ul><li><a href="Atmospheric_pressure" title="Atmospheric pressure">Atmospheric pressure</a> which gives the usage of the hbar and the mbar</li>

<li><a href="Centimetre_of_water" class="mw-redirect" title="Centimetre of water">Centimetre of water</a></li>

<li><a href="Meteorology" title="Meteorology">Meteorology</a></li>

<li><a href="Metric_prefix" title="Metric prefix">Metric prefix</a></li>

<li><a href="Orders_of_magnitude_(pressure)" title="Orders of magnitude (pressure)">Orders of magnitude (pressure)</a></li>

<li><a href="Pascal's_law" title="Pascal's law">Pascal's law</a></li>

<li><a href="Pressure_measurement" title="Pressure measurement">Pressure measurement</a></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}

/* end https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;">

/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("./mw/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("./mw/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("./mw/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("./mw/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}

/* end https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

</style><cite id="CITEREFInternational_Bureau_of_Weights_and_Measures2006" class="citation cs2"><a href="International_Bureau_of_Weights_and_Measures" title="International Bureau of Weights and Measures">International Bureau of Weights and Measures</a> (2006), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bipm.org/documents/20126/41483022/si_brochure_8.pdf">The International System of Units (SI)</a> (PDF) (8th ed.), p. 118, <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>92-822-2213-6</bdi>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210604163219/https://www.bipm.org/documents/20126/41483022/si_brochure_8.pdf">archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 4 June 2021, retrieved 16 December 2021</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-BIPM-2"><a href="#cite_ref-BIPM_2-0">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bipm.org/jsp/en/ViewCGPMResolution.jsp?CGPM=10&RES=4">"Definition of the standard atmosphere"</a>. <a href="BIPM" class="mw-redirect" title="BIPM">BIPM</a>. Retrieved 16 February 2015.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://w1.weather.gov/glossary/index.php?word=inches+of+mercury">"National Weather Service glossary page on inches of mercury"</a>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wpc.ncep.noaa.gov/sfc/90fwbg.gif">"US government atmospheric pressure map"</a>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://s.w-x.co/util/image/map/WEB_Current_Weather_Map_1280x720.jpg?v=ap&w=1280&h=720&api=7db9fe61-7414-47b5-9871-e17d87b8b6a0">"The Weather Channel"</a>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFCanada2013" class="citation web cs1">Canada, Environment (16 April 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://weather.gc.ca/canada_e.html">"Canadian Weather – Environment Canada"</a>. weather.gc.ca.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bipm.fr/en/convention/cgpm/14/pascal-siemens.html">bipm.fr</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070630020548/http://www.bipm.fr/en/convention/cgpm/14/pascal-siemens.html">Archived</a> 30 June 2007 at the <a href="Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-CGPM14-8"><a href="#cite_ref-CGPM14_8-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bipm.org/utils/common/pdf/CGPM/CGPM14.pdf#page=78">Minutes of the 14. General Conference on Weights and Measures</a>, 1971, p. 78.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bipm.org/en/si/si_brochure/chapter2/2-2/table3.html">Table 3 (Section 2.2.2)</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070618123613/http://www.bipm.org/en/si/si_brochure/chapter2/2-2/table3.html">Archived</a> 18 June 2007 at the <a href="Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. SI Brochure. <a href="International_Bureau_of_Weights_and_Measures" title="International Bureau of Weights and Measures">International Bureau of Weights and Measures</a>.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210330142301/http://www.bipm.org/jsp/en/ViewCGPMResolution.jsp?CGPM=10&RES=4">"Resolution 4 of the 10th meeting of the CGPM"</a>. <a href="General_Conference_on_Weights_and_Measures" title="General Conference on Weights and Measures">Conférence Générale des Poids et Mesures</a>. 1954. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bipm.org/jsp/en/ViewCGPMResolution.jsp?CGPM=10&RES=4">the original</a> on 30 March 2021. Retrieved 5 April 2010.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a> IUPAC.org, Gold Book, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://goldbook.iupac.org/S05921.html">Standard Pressure</a>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/U3300.pdf">"CJK Compatibility"</a> (PDF). 2015. Retrieved 21 February 2016.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-13"><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a> <cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.unicode.org/versions/Unicode8.0.0">The Unicode Standard, Version 8.0.0</a>. Mountain View, CA: The Unicode Consortium. 2015. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-1-936213-10-8</bdi>. Retrieved 21 February 2016.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.engineeringtoolbox.com/young-modulus-d_417.html">"Tensile Modulus – Modulus of Elasticity or Young's Modulus – for some common Materials"</a>. Retrieved 16 February 2015.</cite>

</li>

<cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110726045004/http://www.resnet.us/hotnews/revised_chapter_seven_final_9-16-10.pdf">"Chapter 7 ResNet Standards: ResNet National Standard for Home Energy Audits"</a> (PDF). ResNet. 2010. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.resnet.us/hotnews/revised_chapter_seven_final_9-16-10.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 26 July 2011. Retrieved 3 March 2011.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-16"><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://targetbp.org/guidelines17/">"BP Guideline | Target:BP"</a>. American Heart Association. Retrieved 18 May 2020.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-17"><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.knmi.nl/actueel/">"KNMI – Weer – Waarnemingen"</a>. Retrieved 4 December 2016.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-18"><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.meteo.be/meteo/view/fr/68771-FAQ%20sur%20le%20temps.html?view=195695">"Comment convertir la pression? – IRM"</a>. Retrieved 4 December 2016.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-19"><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080210040845/http://www.dwd.de/de/WundK/W_aktuell/Beobachtungen.htm">"DWD"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dwd.de/de/WundK/W_aktuell/Beobachtungen.htm">the original</a> on 10 February 2008. Retrieved 20 December 2006.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-20"><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jma.go.jp/en/g3/index.html">"Japan Meteorological Agency – Weather Maps"</a>. Retrieved 4 December 2016.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-21"><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060506192242/http://www.meteoam.it/modules.php?name=analisiPrevisioniSuolo">"MDD"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.meteoam.it/modules.php?name=analisiPrevisioniSuolo">the original</a> on 6 May 2006.</cite>

</li>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-23"><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFUnited_Kingdom" class="citation web cs1">United Kingdom, Met Office. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.metoffice.gov.uk/guide/weather/symbols#units">"Key to symbols and terms"</a>. Retrieved 4 December 2016.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-24"><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110604131321/http://www.ctv.ca/servlet/HTMLTemplate/!ctvDynNews/Weather/Weather?City=Montreal">"CTV News, weather; current conditions in Montreal"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ctv.ca/servlet/HTMLTemplate/!ctvDynNews/Weather/Weather?City=Montreal">the original</a> on 4 June 2011.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-25"><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFCanada" class="citation web cs1">Canada, Environment. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171130163853/http://www.weatheroffice.gc.ca/city/pages/qc-147_metric_e.html">"Montréal, QC – 7 Day Forecast – Environment Canada"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.weatheroffice.gc.ca/city/pages/qc-147_metric_e.html">the original</a> on 30 November 2017. Retrieved 4 December 2016.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-26"><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a> Ambler Thompson (Editor) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pTw-SCI7EkoC&pg=PA66">Guide for the Use of the International System of Units (SI) (rev. ): The ...</a>, p. 66, at <a href="Google_Books" title="Google Books">Google Books</a>

</li>

</ol></div>

/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}

/* end https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">

/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}

/* end https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="SI_units303" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">

/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}

/* end https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

</style><div id="SI_units303" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="International_System_of_Units" title="International System of Units">SI units</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="SI_base_unit" title="SI base unit">Base units</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Ampere" title="Ampere">ampere</a></li>

<li><a href="Candela" title="Candela">candela</a></li>

<li><a href="Kelvin" title="Kelvin">kelvin</a></li>

<li><a href="Kilogram" title="Kilogram">kilogram</a></li>

<li><a href="Metre" title="Metre">metre</a></li>

<li><a href="Second" title="Second">second</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="SI_derived_unit" title="SI derived unit">Derived units with special names</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Becquerel" title="Becquerel">becquerel</a></li>

<li><a href="Coulomb" title="Coulomb">coulomb</a></li>

<li><a href="Celsius" title="Celsius">degree Celsius</a></li>

<li><a href="Farad" title="Farad">farad</a></li>

<li><a href="Henry_(unit)" title="Henry (unit)">henry</a></li>

<li><a href="Hertz" title="Hertz">hertz</a></li>

<li><a href="Joule" title="Joule">joule</a></li>

<li><a href="Katal" title="Katal">katal</a></li>

<li><a href="Lumen_(unit)" title="Lumen (unit)">lumen</a></li>

<li><a href="Newton_(unit)" title="Newton (unit)">newton</a></li>

<li><a href="Radian" title="Radian">radian</a></li>

<li><a href="Siemens_(unit)" title="Siemens (unit)">siemens</a></li>

<li><a href="Sievert" title="Sievert">sievert</a></li>

<li><a href="Steradian" title="Steradian">steradian</a></li>

<li><a href="Tesla_(unit)" title="Tesla (unit)">tesla</a></li>

<li><a href="Weber_(unit)" title="Weber (unit)">weber</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Non-SI_units_mentioned_in_the_SI" class="mw-redirect" title="Non-SI units mentioned in the SI">Other accepted units</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Astronomical_unit" title="Astronomical unit">astronomical unit</a></li>

<li><a href="Dalton_(unit)" title="Dalton (unit)">dalton</a></li>

<li><a href="Decibel" title="Decibel">decibel</a></li>

<li><a href="Degree_(angle)" title="Degree (angle)">degree of arc</a></li>

<li><a href="Electronvolt" title="Electronvolt">electronvolt</a></li>

<li><a href="Hectare" title="Hectare">hectare</a></li>

<li><a href="Litre" title="Litre">litre</a></li>

<li><a href="Minute" title="Minute">minute</a></li>

<li><a href="Minute_and_second_of_arc" title="Minute and second of arc">minute and second of arc</a></li>

<li><a href="Neper" title="Neper">neper</a></li>

<li><a href="Tonne" title="Tonne">tonne</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Conversion_of_units" title="Conversion of units">Conversion of units</a></li>

<li><a href="Metric_prefix" title="Metric prefix">Metric prefixes</a></li>

<li><a href="Historical_definitions_of_the_SI_base_units" title="Historical definitions of the SI base units">Historical definitions of the SI base units</a></li>

<li><a href="2019_revision_of_the_SI" title="2019 revision of the SI">2019 revision of the SI</a></li>

<li><a href="System_of_units_of_measurement" title="System of units of measurement">System of units of measurement</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>

<ul><li> Category</li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div><div><div class="zim-footer">

This article is issued from <a class="external text" title="Last edited on 2025-06-30" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/?title=Pascal_(unit)&oldid=1298147851">Wikipedia</a>. The text is available under <a class="external text" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en">Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0</a> unless otherwise noted. Additional terms may apply for the media files.

</div>

</div></div>

</div>

</main>

</div>

</body></html>